In the mid 19th century, nationalism, socialism, agitation

In the mid 19th century, nationalism, socialism, agitation in favour of greater democracy, and anti-clericalism (opposition to the role of the church in controlling French social and cultural life) all became features of the French Left. In the United States many leftists, social liberals, progressives and trade unionists were influenced by the works of Thomas Paine, who introduced the concept of asset-based egalitarianism, which theorises that social equality is possible by a redistribution of resources, usually in the form of a capital grant provided at the age of majority.

The International Workingmen's Association (1864–76), sometimes called the First International, brought together delegates, from many different countries, with many different views about how to reach a classless and stateless society. Following a split with supporters of Marx and Mikhail Bakunin at the First International, the anarchists formed the International Workers' Association.[8] The Second International (1888–1916) divided over the issue of the First World War. Those who opposed the war, such as Vladimir Lenin and Rosa Luxemburg, saw themselves as further to the left (see Zimmerwald Left).

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